怎樣測(cè)試汽車(chē)用繼電器（中英文）
How to Test Relays for Automotive Applications
繼電器可用在什么地方？
Where are Relays used?
想象一下汽車(chē)中的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單應(yīng)用程序； 它的車(chē)頭燈。 在傍晚和夜間，輕按或轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)汽車(chē)方向盤(pán)附近的開(kāi)關(guān)，大燈就會(huì)打開(kāi)。
Imagine a simple application in car; its headlights. During evening and nighttime, flick or twist a switch near car’s steering wheel and the headlights turn on.
在外面，它看起來(lái)像一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的應(yīng)用程序和電路。 但如果再深入一點(diǎn)，就能理解中繼在這些場(chǎng)景中的用處。 汽車(chē)的前燈是大功率設(shè)備，可消耗 55W 至 100W 或更多的功率。 汽車(chē)電腦負(fù)責(zé)讀取大燈開(kāi)啟開(kāi)關(guān)，并為大燈供電，但由于是低功耗低電壓設(shè)備，不能直接供電，直接將大燈接到車(chē)上會(huì)燒毀電腦。 必須使用中間設(shè)備，它可以接受來(lái)自計(jì)算機(jī)的命令并為前照燈供電。 這個(gè)裝置是繼電器。
On the outside, it looks like a simple application and circuit. But if dig a little bit deeper, can understand how relays are useful in these scenarios. The headlights in car are high-power devices that draw anywhere between 55W to 100W or more power. The car’s computer, which is responsible for reading the headlight turn on the switch, and providing power to the headlights, cannot directly supply the power as it is a low power and low voltage device and it will burn if we connect headlights directly to the car’s computer. Have to use an intermediary device, which can accept commands from the computer and provide power to the headlights. This device is Relay.
如果汽車(chē)的計(jì)算機(jī)能夠以某種方式為繼電器線圈通電并將大燈連接到 NO 端子，則可以輕松控制大燈而不會(huì)燒毀或損壞任何組件。 這正是帶有前燈的實(shí)際汽車(chē)中發(fā)生的情況。
If the car’s computer can somehow energize the coils of the relay and connect the headlights to NO terminal, then can easily control the headlights without burning or damaging any components. This is exactly what happens in an actual car with its headlights.
當(dāng)打開(kāi)車(chē)內(nèi)的大燈開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)，其計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)讀取此開(kāi)關(guān)并激活繼電器的線圈。 繼電器的銜鐵切換其位置，大燈亮起。 當(dāng)關(guān)閉大燈開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)，汽車(chē)的電腦會(huì)去激活繼電器的線圈，繼電器的銜鐵切換回默認(rèn)觸點(diǎn)。
When turn on the headlights switch in the car, its computer reads this switch and activates the coil of the relay. The relay’s armature switches its position and the headlight turns on. When turn off the headlight switch, the car’s computer will deactivate the coil of the relay, and the armature of the relay switches back to the default contact.
如何測(cè)試?yán)^電器？
How To Test a Relay?
從上面的解釋可以看出，繼電器是極其重要的電子設(shè)備，它可以使微控制器等小功率設(shè)備控制大功率設(shè)備。 由于繼電器是機(jī)械設(shè)備，隨著時(shí)間的推移它們可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)故障，因此必須檢查繼電器是否正常工作。 如果它不起作用，則必須立即更換新的。
It is clear from the above explanation that relays are extremely important electronic devices, which enable low-powered devices such as microcontrollers to control high-powered devices. As relays are mechanical devices, they can become faulty over time and it is essential to check whether a relay is working properly or not. If it is not working, then have to immediately replace it with a new one.
但是如何測(cè)試?yán)^電器呢？ 有多種方法可以檢查繼電器是否按預(yù)期工作。 將看到幾種測(cè)試?yán)^電器的方法，重要的是，將學(xué)習(xí)如何使用萬(wàn)用表測(cè)試?yán)^電器。
But how to test a relay? There are different ways to check if a relay is working as expected or not. Will see a couple of methods to test a relay and importantly, will learn how to test a relay with a multimeter.
如何用直流電源測(cè)試?yán)^電器？
How to Test a Relay with DC Power Supply?
在第一種方法中，將簡(jiǎn)單地為繼電器線圈通電和斷電，并查看電樞是否在兩個(gè)端子之間切換。 假設(shè)是 12V 繼電器，將線圈端子連接到 12V 直流電源或帶開(kāi)關(guān)的電池。
In the first method, will simply energize and de-energize the coil of the relay and see if the armature is switching between the two terminals. Assuming a 12V relay, connect the coil terminals to a 12V DC Power Supply or a battery with a switch.
如果關(guān)閉開(kāi)關(guān)，它會(huì)完成電路并激活線圈。 這應(yīng)該使電樞切換到常開(kāi)觸點(diǎn)。 如果打開(kāi)開(kāi)關(guān)，則電樞應(yīng)回到常閉觸點(diǎn)。
If close the switch, it completes the circuit and activates the coil. This should make the armature switch to Normally Open contact. If open the switch, then the armature should go back to the Normally Closed contact.
這是一種測(cè)試?yán)^電器的簡(jiǎn)單方法，尤其是汽車(chē)?yán)^電器，因?yàn)榭梢噪S時(shí)使用 12V 電池。
This is a simple method for testing relays, especially automotive relays as you readily have access to a 12V battery.
如何用電路測(cè)試?yán)^電器？
How to Test a Relay with a Circuit?
對(duì)于下一個(gè)方法，將使用簡(jiǎn)單的組件構(gòu)建一個(gè)小電路并測(cè)試?yán)^電器是否工作。 這種方法對(duì)電路和 PCB 中使用的繼電器很有用，但也可以測(cè)試汽車(chē)?yán)^電器。
For the next method, will build a small circuit using simple components and test if the relay is working or not. This method is useful for relays used in circuits and PCBs but can also test automotive relays as well.
再次假設(shè)一個(gè) 12V 繼電器，如果為晶體管的基極提供 5V，它會(huì)打開(kāi)并激活線圈。 如果繼電器工作正常，電樞觸點(diǎn)切換位置并點(diǎn)亮 LED。
Once again assuming a 12V relay, if supply 5V to the base of the transistor, it turns on and activates the coil. If the relay is working properly, the armature contacts switches position and light up the LED.
如何用萬(wàn)用表測(cè)試?yán)^電器？
How to Test a Relay with a Multimeter?
最后，將了解如何使用萬(wàn)用表測(cè)試?yán)^電器。 這是測(cè)試?yán)^電器的最簡(jiǎn)單方法之一。 從電路或汽車(chē)上取出繼電器。 將萬(wàn)用表置于電阻測(cè)量模式（歐姆表）。 如果有手動(dòng)量程萬(wàn)用表，將量程表置于最小量程（200Ω 或類(lèi)似值）。
Finally, will see how to test a relay with a multimeter. This is one of the easiest ways to test a relay. Take out the relay from the circuit or from the car. Put the multimeter in Resistance Measurement mode (Ohmmeter). If have a manual ranging multimeter, put the range meter in minimum range (200Ω or similar value).
取出萬(wàn)用表的導(dǎo)線并將它們連接到繼電器的線圈端子上。 對(duì)于普通線圈，萬(wàn)用表的讀數(shù)應(yīng)介于 40Ω 至 120Ω 之間。 如果線圈損壞，即開(kāi)路，則儀表顯示超出范圍，您必須更換繼電器。
Take the leads of the multimeter and connect them across the coil terminals of the relay. For a normal coil, the multimeter should read anywhere between 40Ω to 120Ω. If the coil is damaged i.e., it is open, the meter shows out of range and you have to replace the relay.
萬(wàn)用表可以做的另一項(xiàng)測(cè)試是繼電器的三個(gè)大功率觸點(diǎn)之間的導(dǎo)通性。 當(dāng)繼電器處于斷電狀態(tài)時(shí)，COM 端子必須連接到常閉 (NC) 端子。 但是一旦繼電器通電，COM 端子就會(huì)切換并與常開(kāi)端子接觸。
Another test we can do with the multimeter is the continuity between the three high-power contacts of the relay. When the relay is in a de-energized state, the COM terminal must be connected to Normally Closed (NC) terminal. But as soon as we energize the relay, the COM terminal switches and makes contact with the Normally Open terminal.
因此，要對(duì)此進(jìn)行測(cè)試，請(qǐng)將萬(wàn)用表置于連續(xù)性模式，并在繼電器未激活的情況下，將萬(wàn)用表的導(dǎo)線連接在 COM 和 NC 端子之間。 如果繼電器觸點(diǎn)正常，萬(wàn)用表應(yīng)啟動(dòng)蜂鳴器。
So, to test this, put the multimeter in continuity mode and while the relay is not activated, connect the leads of the multimeter between the COM and NC terminals. The multimeter should start the buzzer if the relay contacts are okay.
現(xiàn)在，為繼電器通電并測(cè)試 COM 和 NO 端子之間的連續(xù)性。 如果蜂鳴器在兩種情況下都被激活，則繼電器正常。 但如果任何測(cè)試失敗，則可能是繼電器故障。
Now, energize the relay and test for continuity between COM and NO terminals. If the buzzer is activated in both cases, then the relay is well and good. But if any test fails, then it might be a faulty relay.
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