氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器的類型和應(yīng)用（中英文）
本文主要介紹氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器。仔細(xì)研究最常見的氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器——彈簧/膜片線性氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器的操作和應(yīng)用。
In this article, we’re going to talk about pneumatic actuators. We’ll look closely at the operation and application of the most common pneumatic actuator, the spring/diaphragm linear pneumatic actuator.
首先了解一下執(zhí)行器。什么是執(zhí)行器？簡(jiǎn)單地說，執(zhí)行器是一種使物體移動(dòng)或運(yùn)行的裝置。
First of all, let’s look at Actuators in general. What is an Actuator? Simply stated, an actuator is a device that makes something move or operate.
根據(jù)能源分類的執(zhí)行器
Types of actuators by their energy source
根據(jù)其能源的不同，工業(yè)中使用的執(zhí)行器分為三種典型類型。
工業(yè)中典型的執(zhí)行器包括：
– 電動(dòng)
– 液壓
– 氣動(dòng)
There are three typical types of actuators used in industry as defined by their energy source.
The typical actuators in the industry include:
– Electric
– Hydraulic
– Pneumatic
回歸本文重點(diǎn)——?dú)鈩?dòng)執(zhí)行器。氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器將壓縮空氣的能量轉(zhuǎn)化為運(yùn)動(dòng)。
Ok… Let’s move on to the focus of our article, the pneumatic actuator. A pneumatic actuator converts energy in the form of compressed air into movement.
根據(jù)運(yùn)動(dòng)方式分類的執(zhí)行器
Types of actuators by their motion
氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器根據(jù)其運(yùn)動(dòng)類型進(jìn)行分類。氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器分為線性執(zhí)行器和旋轉(zhuǎn)執(zhí)行器。
Pneumatic actuators are categorized by their type of motion. They are either Linear or Rotary.
線性氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器可以直線移動(dòng)物體。例如，桿通過氣動(dòng)能源以線性運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)出氣缸。
A linear pneumatic actuator can move something in a straight line. For example, a rod is moved in and out of a cylinder in a linear motion by a pneumatic energy source.
旋轉(zhuǎn)氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器可以使物體以圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)移動(dòng)。例如，齒條齒輪傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中的桿用于產(chǎn)生旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
A rotary pneumatic actuator can make something move in a circular motion. For example, a rod in a rack and pinion drive system is used to produce rotary motion.
以下是一些旋轉(zhuǎn)和線性氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器如何操作的例子，每種執(zhí)行器都有許多不同的類型。
Let’s look at some examples of how Rotary and Linear pneumatic actuators are operated as there are many different types of each.
1) 旋轉(zhuǎn)氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器/Rotary pneumatic actuator
在旋轉(zhuǎn)氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器類別中，葉片式和齒條齒輪式非常常見。
In the Rotary pneumatic actuator category, the Vane style and the Rack and Pinion style are very common.
1-1) 葉片執(zhí)行器/Vane Actuator
葉片執(zhí)行器有一個(gè)圓柱形腔室，其中可移動(dòng)的葉片安裝在軸上。施加在葉片一側(cè)的壓力氣動(dòng)空氣使其在沖程內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)。
Vane Actuators have a cylindrical chamber in which a movable vane is mounted on a shaft. Pneumatic air under pressure applied on one side of the vane causes it to rotate through its stroke.
1-2) 齒輪齒條/ Rack and pinion
齒輪齒條執(zhí)行器使用連接到齒條齒輪的活塞。當(dāng)施加氣動(dòng)壓力時(shí)，活塞和齒條線性移動(dòng)，從而旋轉(zhuǎn)小齒輪和驅(qū)動(dòng)軸。
Rack and Pinion actuators use a piston attached to rack gear. When pneumatic pressure is applied, the piston and rack move linearly rotating the pinion gear and driveshaft.
2) 線性氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器/Linear pneumatic actuator
在線性氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器類別中，彈簧/膜片式和活塞式非常常見。
In the Linear pneumatic actuator category, the spring/diaphragm style and the piston style are very common.
2-1) 活塞/ Piston
活塞式氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器利用氣缸內(nèi)的活塞?；钊倪\(yùn)動(dòng)是由施加氣動(dòng)壓力引起的，從而使活塞向上移動(dòng)。
去除氣動(dòng)壓力會(huì)導(dǎo)致活塞在彈簧壓力的作用下向下移動(dòng)。這種運(yùn)動(dòng)稱為空氣縮回。
也可以通過重新排列彈簧、活塞和氣動(dòng)供應(yīng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)空氣伸展運(yùn)動(dòng)。
The piston-style pneumatic actuator utilizes a piston inside a cylinder. The movement of the piston is caused by applying pneumatic pressure thereby moving the piston upwards.
Removing the pneumatic pressure causes the piston to move downward due to the pressure of the spring. This motion is referred to as Air-to-Retract.
An Air-to-Extend motion can be also be achieved by rearranging the spring, piston, and pneumatic supply.
2-2) 彈簧/隔膜/Spring/diaphragm
彈簧/隔膜氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器是用于操作工業(yè)過程控制閥的常見執(zhí)行器。
彈簧/隔膜氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器由連接到執(zhí)行器桿的隔膜和板組成。柔性隔膜封裝在耐壓外殼中。
The spring/diaphragm pneumatic actuator is probably the most common actuator used to operate industrial process control valves.
The spring/diaphragm pneumatic actuator consists of a diaphragm and plate that are connected to an actuator stem. A flexible diaphragm is enclosed in pressure-tight housing.
氣動(dòng)壓力進(jìn)入該殼體，對(duì)隔膜施加壓力。隨著隔膜上的氣壓增加，施加在彈簧上的力也隨之增加，導(dǎo)致執(zhí)行器桿移動(dòng)。
降低氣動(dòng)壓力將導(dǎo)致彈簧縮回隔膜。
執(zhí)行器桿將閥門移入或移出閥體。
在氣開操作條件下，彈簧迫使閥門關(guān)閉。
隔膜上的氣壓產(chǎn)生克服彈簧力并打開閥門的力。
通過重新安排彈簧氣動(dòng)供應(yīng)，這種類型的執(zhí)行器可以在氣壓丟失時(shí)自動(dòng)打開或關(guān)閉。
Pneumatic pressure enters this housing applying pressure to the diaphragm. As the air pressure increases to the diaphragm the force exerted against the spring increases causing the actuator stem to move.
Reducing the pneumatic pressure will cause the spring to retract the diaphragm.
The actuator stem will move a valve in or out of a valve body.
In an air-to-open operating condition, the spring forces the valve closed.
The air pressure on the diaphragm creates a force that overcomes the force of the spring and opens the valve.
By rearranging the spring pneumatic supply, this type of actuator can fail-open or fail-closed when air pressure is lost.
氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器的運(yùn)行
Pneumatic actuator in action
連接到流量控制閥的典型彈簧/隔膜氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器的運(yùn)行情況。
PLC 模擬輸出卡產(chǎn)生 4 至 20 mA 電流，使閥門從全開到全關(guān)。
Let’s look at a typical spring/diaphragm pneumatic actuator connected to a flow control valve in action!
The PLC analog output card produces a 4 to 20 mA current to move the valve from fully open to fully closed.
稱為電流壓力傳感器或 I/P 的信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)器會(huì)將 4 至 20 mA 轉(zhuǎn)換為 3 至 15 psi。
A signal conditioner called a current-to-pressure transducer or I/P will change the 4 to 20 mA into 3 to 15 psi.
總結(jié)
Summary
– 執(zhí)行器是一種使物體移動(dòng)或運(yùn)行的裝置。
– 執(zhí)行器接收能量源并使用它來移動(dòng)物體。
– 三種典型的執(zhí)行器能量源是氣動(dòng)、電動(dòng)和液壓。
– 氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器將壓縮空氣形式的能量轉(zhuǎn)化為運(yùn)動(dòng)。
– 氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器可以以線性運(yùn)動(dòng)或旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)移動(dòng)物體。
– 線性氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器包括彈簧/隔膜式和活塞式。
– 旋轉(zhuǎn)氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器包括旋轉(zhuǎn)葉片式和齒條齒輪式。
– An actuator is a device that makes something move or operate.
– An actuator receives a source of energy and uses it to move something.
– The three typical actuator energy sources are Pneumatic, Electric, and Hydraulic.
– A pneumatic actuator converts energy in the form of compressed air into motion.
– A pneumatic actuator can move something in a linear motion or a rotary motion.
– Linear pneumatic actuators include the spring/diaphragm style and the piston style.
– Rotary pneumatic actuators include the rotary vane style and the Rack and Pinion style.
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