繼電器的工作原理及其類型和應(yīng)用（中英文）
繼電器應(yīng)用廣泛，例如家庭自動(dòng)化、汽車和自行車（汽車）、工業(yè)應(yīng)用、DIY 項(xiàng)目、測(cè)試和測(cè)量設(shè)備等等。
Relays have a wide range of applications such as home automation, cars and bikes (automobiles), industrial applications, diy projects, test and measurement equipment, and many more.
一、什么是繼電器？
What is a Relay?
繼電器是一種簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)電開(kāi)關(guān)。雖然我們可以使用普通開(kāi)關(guān)手動(dòng)關(guān)閉或打開(kāi)電路，但繼電器也是連接或斷開(kāi)兩個(gè)電路的開(kāi)關(guān)。但繼電器不是手動(dòng)操作，而是使用電信號(hào)來(lái)控制電磁鐵，電磁鐵進(jìn)而連接或斷開(kāi)另一個(gè)電路。
A Relay is a simple electromechanical switch. While we use normal switches to close or open a circuit manually, a Relay is also a switch that connects or disconnects two circuits. But instead of a manual operation, a relay uses an electrical signal to control an electromagnet, which in turn connects or disconnects another circuit.
繼電器有不同的類型，如機(jī)電式、固態(tài)。 像機(jī)電式繼電器就被廣泛應(yīng)用。 先看看這種繼電器的內(nèi)部零件，然后再了解它的工作原理。 盡管存在許多不同類型的繼電器，但它們的工作原理是相同的。
Relays can be of different types like electromechanical, solid state. Electromechanical relays are frequently used. See the internal parts of this relay before knowing about it working. Although many different types of relay were present, their working is same.
每個(gè)機(jī)電繼電器都包含：
1、電磁鐵
2、機(jī)械式可動(dòng)觸點(diǎn)
3、切換點(diǎn)
4、彈簧
Every electromechanical relay consists of an
1.Electromagnet
2.Mechanically movable contact
3.Switching points
4.Spring
電磁鐵是通過(guò)在金屬芯上纏繞銅線圈構(gòu)成。 如圖所示，線圈的兩端連接到繼電器的兩個(gè)引腳。 這兩個(gè)用作直流電源引腳。
Electromagnet is constructed by wounding a copper coil on a metal core. The two ends of the coil are connected to two pins of the relay as shown. These two are used as DC supply pins.
通常會(huì)多出兩個(gè)觸點(diǎn)，稱為開(kāi)關(guān)點(diǎn)，用于連接大電流負(fù)載。 另一個(gè)稱為公共觸點(diǎn)的觸點(diǎn)用于連接開(kāi)關(guān)點(diǎn)。
Generally two more contacts will be present, called as switching points to connect high ampere load. Another contact called common contact is present in order to connect the switching points.
這些觸點(diǎn)被命名為常開(kāi) (NO)、常閉 (NC) 和公共 (COM) 觸點(diǎn)。
These contacts are named as normally open (NO),normally closed(NC) and common(COM) contacts.
繼電器可用于交流電路或直流電路。在使用交流繼電器的情況下，對(duì)于每個(gè)電流零位置，繼電器線圈都會(huì)消磁，因此可能會(huì)反復(fù)斷開(kāi)電路。
Relay can be used in AC circuit or DC Circuit. In case of AC relays, for every current zero position, the relay coil gets demagnetized and hence there would be a chance of continues breaking of the circuit.
因此，交流繼電器采用特殊機(jī)制構(gòu)造，以便提供連續(xù)的磁性來(lái)避免上述問(wèn)題。 這樣的機(jī)構(gòu)包括電子電路裝置或遮蔽線圈機(jī)構(gòu)。
So, AC relays are constructed with special mechanism such that continuous magnetism is provided in order to avoid above problem. Such mechanisms include electronic circuit arrangement or shaded coil mechanism.
二、繼電器如何工作？
How a Relay Works?
以下動(dòng)圖展示了繼電器的簡(jiǎn)易工作原理。
The following animation shows a simplified working of a relay.
? 繼電器根據(jù)電磁感應(yīng)原理工作。
? 當(dāng)電磁鐵通入一定電流時(shí)，它會(huì)在其周圍感應(yīng)出一個(gè)磁場(chǎng)。
? 上圖顯示了繼電器的工作原理。開(kāi)關(guān)用于向負(fù)載施加直流電流。
? 在繼電器中，銅線圈和鐵芯起電磁鐵的作用。
? 當(dāng)線圈施加直流電流時(shí)，它開(kāi)始吸引觸點(diǎn)，如圖所示。這稱為繼電器通電。
? 當(dāng)電源被移除時(shí)，它會(huì)恢復(fù)到原來(lái)的位置。這稱為繼電器斷電。
? Relay works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
? When the electromagnet is applied with some current, it induces a magnetic field around it.
? Above image shows working of the relay. A switch is used to apply DC current to the load.
? In the relay, Copper coil and the iron core acts as electromagnet.
? When the coil is applied with DC current, it starts attracting the contact as shown. This is called energizing of relay.
? When the supply is removed it retrieves back to the original position. This is called De energizing of relay.
也有這樣的繼電器，其觸點(diǎn)最初是閉合的，當(dāng)有電源時(shí)打開(kāi)，即與上面顯示的繼電器正好相反。
There are also such relays, whose contacts are initially closed and opened when there is supply i.e. exactly to opposite to the above shown relay.
固態(tài)繼電器則具有感測(cè)元件來(lái)感測(cè)輸入電壓并使用光耦合切換輸出。
Solid state relays will have sensing element to sense the input voltage and switches the output using opto-coupling.
三、繼電器觸點(diǎn)類型
Relay Contact Types
正如我們所見(jiàn)，繼電器是一個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)。 術(shù)語(yǔ)“極數(shù)和擲數(shù)”也適用于接力。 根據(jù)觸點(diǎn)的數(shù)量和開(kāi)關(guān)繼電器的電路數(shù)量，可以對(duì)繼電器進(jìn)行分類。
As we have seen that relay is a switch. The terminology “Poles and throws” is also applicable for relay. Depending on the number of contacts and number of circuits it switches relays can be classified.
Before we know about this classification of contacts we have to know the poles and throws of a relay switch.
在了解這種觸點(diǎn)分類之前，我們必須了解繼電器開(kāi)關(guān)的極數(shù)和擲數(shù)。
極數(shù)和擲數(shù)
Poles and Throws
繼電器可以切換一個(gè)或多個(gè)電路。 繼電器中的每個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)都稱為極。 繼電器連接的電路數(shù)由擲數(shù)表示。
Relays can switch one or more circuits. Each switch in relay is referred as pole. Number of circuits a relay connects is indicated by throws.
根據(jù)極數(shù)和擲數(shù)，繼電器分為
? 單刀單擲
? 單刀雙擲
? 雙刀單擲
? 雙刀雙擲
Depending on the poles and throws, relays are classified into
? Single Pole Single Throw
? Single Pole Double Throw
? Double Pole Single Throw
? Double Pole Double Throw
單刀單擲
一個(gè)單刀單擲繼電器可以控制一個(gè)電路，可以接一個(gè)輸出。它用于只需要 ON 或 OFF 狀態(tài)的應(yīng)用。
Single Pole Single Throw
A single pole single throw relay can control one circuit and can be connected to one output. It is used for the applications which require only ON or OFF state.
單刀雙擲
單刀雙擲繼電器將一個(gè)輸入電路連接到兩個(gè)輸出之一。該繼電器也稱為轉(zhuǎn)換繼電器。
盡管 SPDT 有兩個(gè)輸出位置，但它可能包含兩個(gè)以上的輸出端，具體取決于應(yīng)用的配置和要求。
Single Pole Double Throw
A single pole double throw relay connects one input circuit to one of the two outputs. This relay is also called as changeover relay.
Though the SPDT has two output positions, it may consist of more than two throws depends on the configuration and requirement of the application.
雙刀單擲
雙刀單擲繼電器有兩極和單擲，可用于同時(shí)連接單個(gè)電路的兩個(gè)端子。例如，該繼電器用于同時(shí)將相線端子和中性線端子連接到負(fù)載。
Double pole single throw
A double pole single throw relay has two poles and single throw and it can be used to connect two terminals of a single circuit at a time. For example, this relay is used for connecting both phase and neutral terminals to the load at a time.
雙刀雙擲
DPDT（雙刀雙擲）繼電器有兩個(gè)極，每個(gè)極有兩個(gè)擲。在電機(jī)方向控制中，這些用于相位或極性反轉(zhuǎn)。
Double pole double throw
A DPDT (double pole double throw) relay has two poles and two throws for each pole. In motor direction control, these are used for phase or polarity reversal.
The switching action between contacts for all these relays is performed when the coil get energized.
所有這些繼電器的觸點(diǎn)之間的切換動(dòng)作都是在線圈通電時(shí)執(zhí)行的。
四、繼電器類型
Types of Relays
繼電器根據(jù)其功能、結(jié)構(gòu)、應(yīng)用等可分為不同的類型。常見(jiàn)的繼電器類型有：
Relays can be classified into different types depending on their functionality, structure, application etc. We listed out some of the common types of relays here.
電磁Electromagnetic
閉鎖Latching
電子Electronic
非閉鎖Non-Latching
簧Reed
高壓High-Voltage
小信號(hào)Small Signal
時(shí)間延遲Time Delay
多維度Multi-Dimensional
熱的Thermal
微分Differential
距離Distance
汽車Automotive
頻率Frequency
偏振Polarized
旋轉(zhuǎn)式Rotary
順序Sequence
動(dòng)圈Moving Coil
安全Safety
監(jiān)督Supervision
接地故障Ground Fault
五、繼電器應(yīng)用
Relay Applications
繼電器用于保護(hù)電氣系統(tǒng)，并最大限度地減少由于過(guò)電流/電壓而對(duì)系統(tǒng)中連接的設(shè)備造成的損壞。繼電器用于保護(hù)與之相連的設(shè)備。
Relays are used to protect the electrical system and to minimize the damage to the equipment connected in the system due to over currents/voltages. The relay is used for the purpose of protection of the equipment connected with it.
這些用于控制應(yīng)用音頻放大器和某些類型的調(diào)制解調(diào)器中具有低壓信號(hào)的高壓電路。
These are used to control the high voltage circuit with low voltage signal in applications audio amplifiers and some types of modems.
這些用于在汽車啟動(dòng)螺線管等應(yīng)用中通過(guò)低電流信號(hào)控制高電流電路。這些可以檢測(cè)和隔離輸配電系統(tǒng)中發(fā)生的故障。繼電器的典型應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域包括
These are used to control a high current circuit by a low current signal in the applications like starter solenoid in automobile. These can detect and isolate the faults that occurred in power transmission and distribution system. Typical application areas of the relays include
? 照明控制系統(tǒng)
? 電信
? 工業(yè)過(guò)程控制器
? 交通管制
? 電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)控制
? 電力系統(tǒng)保護(hù)系統(tǒng)
? 計(jì)算機(jī)接口
? 汽車
? 家用電器
? Lighting control systems
? Telecommunication
? Industrial process controllers
? Traffic control
? Motor drives control
? Protection systems of electrical power system
? Computer interfaces
? Automotive
? Home appliances
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