焦點(diǎn)堆疊操作方法（中英文）
什么是焦點(diǎn)堆疊 / What is Focus Stacking.
維基百科將焦點(diǎn)堆疊定義為一種數(shù)字圖像處理技術(shù)，它將在不同焦距處拍攝的多張圖像組合起來(lái)，生成比任何單個(gè)源圖像具有更大景深(DOF)的結(jié)果圖像。任何拍攝過(guò)特寫照片的人知道隨著放大倍數(shù)變大，對(duì)焦區(qū)域會(huì)變小。通過(guò)焦點(diǎn)堆疊，可以創(chuàng)建高放大倍率照片，而不受對(duì)焦區(qū)域（景深）的限制。通過(guò)收集幾張圖像來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)，無(wú)論鏡頭提供什么景深并以數(shù)字方式組合它們以增加焦點(diǎn)區(qū)域。
Wikipedia defines focus stacking as a digital image processing technique which combines multiple images taken at different focus distances to give a resulting image with a greater depth of field (DOF) than any of the individual source images. Anyone that has taken a close up photo knows that as the magnifcation gets larger the in focus area gets smaller. With focus stacking we can create high magnification photos without the limited in focus area (Depth of Field) We do this by collecting several images with whatever depth of field our lenses will provide and digitally combine them to increase the in focus area.
概述 / The Overview
創(chuàng)建照片堆棧有多種不同的方法。可以移動(dòng)相機(jī)、拍攝對(duì)象，或更改鏡頭和相機(jī)之間的距離。通常，通過(guò)使用微距導(dǎo)軌相對(duì)于感興趣的拍攝對(duì)象來(lái)調(diào)整相機(jī)的位置。微距導(dǎo)軌允許精細(xì)控制相機(jī)的移動(dòng)，以改變相機(jī)和拍攝對(duì)象之間的距離。此移動(dòng)使圖像的對(duì)焦部分滑過(guò)主體。如果您在不知不覺(jué)中就已經(jīng)這樣做了，那么這可能是一項(xiàng)緩慢而乏味的任務(wù)。拍照，稍微移動(dòng)一下導(dǎo)軌，拍照，再稍微移動(dòng)一下導(dǎo)軌，這是一個(gè)相當(dāng)繁瑣的過(guò)程。那么 Cognisys 能夠?yàn)榻裹c(diǎn)堆疊領(lǐng)域提供什么？堆疊鏡頭。StackShot 可自動(dòng)執(zhí)行導(dǎo)軌的移動(dòng)和相機(jī)快門的觸發(fā)。這種精確控制的軌道可以以您想要的任何步長(zhǎng)（低至 2 微米）拍攝盡可能多的照片。
There are several different ways to create a stack of photos. You can move the camera, the subject, or change the distance between the lens and the camera. Typically the camera's position is adjusted in relation to the subject of interest by using a macro-rail. The macro rail allows finely controlled movement of the camera to change the distance between the camera and the subject. This movement slides the in-focus part of the image through the subject. If you've done this before you know it can be a slow and tedious task. Take picture, move the rail slightly, take a picture, move the rail a little more, it is a fairly tedious process. So what does Cognisys have to offer the world of focus stacking? StackShot. StackShot automates the movement of the rail and the triggering of the camera's shutter. This precision controlled rail will take as many pictures you want at whatever step size you'd like (down to 2 um).
StackShot安裝選項(xiàng) / StackShot Mounting Options
安裝 StackShot 的選項(xiàng)有很多，包括三腳架、光具座、復(fù)印架等。這些選項(xiàng)中最常見(jiàn)的是三腳架。如果您是 Arca Swiss 夾鉗用戶，下圖顯示了最靈活的設(shè)置以及所有附加功能。StackShot 的底座上加工有燕尾榫以及 1/4-20 和 3/8-16 螺紋孔。這里有一張圖顯示了孔的位置。如果不是 Arca Clamp 用戶，可以將選擇的三腳架板安裝到導(dǎo)軌底座上，并使用導(dǎo)軌底座上的一個(gè)螺紋孔，然后將導(dǎo)軌安裝到三腳架上。要將相機(jī)安裝到導(dǎo)軌頂部，它標(biāo)配了一個(gè) 1/4-20 螺柱，可擰入相機(jī)底座。不需要額外的硬件。
Attaching StackShot to a Tripod.
There are a lot of options for mounting StackShot, these include a tripod, optical bench, copy stand etc. The most common of these options is a tripod. If you are an Arca Swiss clamp user the image below shows the most flexible setup with all of the extras. StackShot has a dovetail machined into the base as well as both 1/4-20 and 3/8-16 threaded holes. There is a drawing showing the position of the holes here. In the case you are not an Arca Clamp user you would mount your tripod plate of choice to the base of the rail with one of the threaded holes in the base of the rail and then mount the rail to the tripod. To mount the camera to the top of the rail, it comes standard with a 1/4-20 stud that will thread into the base of your camera. No additional hardware is required.
如果是 Arca Swiss 用戶，可以將 StackShot 安裝到三腳架上，如下所示。將需要可選的Arca 適配器板將夾子牢固地固定到導(dǎo)軌上。Arca 適配器板具有安裝孔，因此可以在任一方向安裝夾具。下圖還顯示了用于完整現(xiàn)場(chǎng)設(shè)置的可選控制器載體套件和鋰離子電池。使用 Arca 夾具和板的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是，用戶可以選擇在三腳架上快速添加或移除 StackShot，無(wú)需任何螺紋連接。
If you are an Arca Swiss user you would attach StackShot to the tripod as shown below. You will need the optional Arca Adapter Plate to firmly secure the clamp to the rail. The Arca Adapter Plate has mounting holes so you can mount the clamp in either orientation. The image below also shows the optional Controller Carrier Kit and Li-Ion Battery for a complete field setup. Using the Arca Clamps and Plates has the advantage of giving the user the option to quickly add or remove the StackShot from the tripod without any threaded connections.
StackShot 電氣連接 / StackShot Electrical Connections
連接 StackShot 非常簡(jiǎn)單。首先使用提供的 4 芯電纜將宏軌連接到控制器。接下來(lái)，StackShot 需要電源。這可以通過(guò)提供的交流適配器或可選的鋰離子電池來(lái)完成。 最后將相機(jī)的快門釋放連接到 StackShot。這是 StackShot 用于控制相機(jī)的機(jī)制。連接相機(jī)和 StackShot 的電纜需要單獨(dú)購(gòu)買。如果相機(jī)沒(méi)有外部有線快門釋放裝置， COGNISYS提供了通用紅外遙控器，可與大多數(shù)配備紅外輸入的相機(jī)配合使用。
Connecting StackShot is very simple. First connect the macro rail to the controller with the supplied 4 conductor cable. Next, StackShot requires power. This can be accomplished with the supplied AC adapter or an optional Li-Ion Battery Finally connect the shutter release of the camera to StackShot. This is the mechanism StackShot uses to control the camera. The cable that goes between the camera and StackShot needs to be purchased separately, you can find the cables here. If your camera does not have an external wired shutter release COGNISYS do offer a Universal IR Remote that works with most cameras that are equipped with an IR input.
堆疊過(guò)程 / The Stacking Process
堆疊過(guò)程的第一步是調(diào)整相機(jī)和閃光燈設(shè)置以獲得適當(dāng)?shù)钠毓?。焦點(diǎn)堆疊的一個(gè)區(qū)別是需要對(duì)閃光燈、快門和光圈使用全手動(dòng)模式。自動(dòng)曝光模式對(duì)場(chǎng)景的測(cè)光往往有點(diǎn)不一致，導(dǎo)致堆棧中圖像范圍內(nèi)的照片亮度發(fā)生顯著變化。
The first step in the stacking process is to adjust your camera and flash settings to get proper exposure. The one difference for focus stacking is that you will want to use full manual mode for both the flash, shutter and aperture. The auto exposure modes tend to meter the scene a bit inconsistently causing a significant variation in brightness of the photographs over the range of images in the stack.
在此示例中，使用 StackShot 中的“自動(dòng)距離”模式。 根據(jù)鏡頭的景深，調(diào)整控制器中的“每步距離”變量。 照片之間的焦距深度最好有一些重疊。 接下來(lái)，使用 FWD 和 BACK 按鈕將相機(jī)的位置調(diào)整到堆棧中第一張圖片的初始起點(diǎn)。 StackShot 將在兩個(gè)方向上移動(dòng)，因此它可以從前景堆疊到背景，反之亦然。 按向上/向下按鈕設(shè)置堆棧的起點(diǎn)。 然后將相機(jī)的位置調(diào)整到堆棧的最終位置。 再按一次按鈕即可啟動(dòng)捕捉過(guò)程，相機(jī)將移動(dòng)每一步拍攝的照片輸入的距離。 導(dǎo)軌移動(dòng)一步后，由于設(shè)置原因，相機(jī)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些意外運(yùn)動(dòng)。 可以調(diào)整可配置的“穩(wěn)定”時(shí)間以滿足拍攝環(huán)境的特定需要。 包圍曝光怎么樣？ StackShot 可配置為每步生成多個(gè)快門脈沖（曝光）。 對(duì)于需要預(yù)先按下快門來(lái)激活反光鏡預(yù)升的相機(jī)，此功能也可能很有用。 脈沖之間的可配置延遲允許額外的微調(diào)。 流程結(jié)束時(shí) StackShot 默認(rèn)返回到起始位置。 這使用戶可以在后續(xù)運(yùn)行中嘗試不同的相機(jī)和/或閃光燈設(shè)置。
In this example we're going to use the "Auto-Distance" mode in StackShot. Depending on the depth of field of the shot, adjust the "Distance per step" variable in the controller. It is desirable to have some overlap of in focus depth between photographs. Next, using the FWD and BACK buttons the position of the camera is adjusted to the initial starting point for the first picture in the stack. StackShot will travel in both directions so it can stack from the foreground to the background or visa versa. Pressing the Up/Down button sets the starting point for the stack. Then the position of the camera is adjusted to the final position of the stack. One more button press initiates the capturing process and the camera is moved by the distance entered with a picture taken at each step. After the rail takes a step there may be some unintended motion in the camera due to the setup. A configurable "settle" time may be adjusted to meet the specific needs of the shooting environment. What about exposure bracketing? StackShot can be configured to generate multiple shutter pulses (exposures) per step. This feature may also be useful for cameras that require a preliminary shutter press to activate mirror lock-up. A configurable delay between pulses allows additional fine-tuning. At the end of the process StackShot defaults to returning to the starting position. This lets you experiment with different camera and/or flash settings for subsequent runs.
軟件合成 / software synthesis
最后是使用軟件來(lái)組合圖像了。有多種選擇，包括Helicon Focus、Zerene Stacker、Photoshop 或Combine ZM。
Now it is time to use the software to combine the images. There are several possibilities including Helicon Focus, Zerene Stacker, Photoshop, or Combine ZM.
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