基礎(chǔ)篇——軟啟動(dòng)器介紹（中英文）
什么是電機(jī)軟啟動(dòng)？
What Is a Motor Soft Start?
軟啟動(dòng)器是一種附加設(shè)備，可以添加到典型的交流電動(dòng)機(jī)中，使電動(dòng)機(jī)能夠使用不同的啟動(dòng)方法。該設(shè)備的目的是減少電動(dòng)機(jī)在典型通電階段對(duì)電動(dòng)機(jī)的負(fù)擔(dān)。
A soft starter is an additional device that can be added to a typical AC electric motor that will allow the motor to use a different startup method. The purpose of this device is to reduce the strain put on the motor during the typical power-up phase of a motor.
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)，軟啟動(dòng)器將緩慢而逐漸地開始向電機(jī)施加增加的電壓。這樣可以平穩(wěn)地加速功率，而不是突然劇烈的功率爆發(fā)，這可能會(huì)對(duì)電機(jī)和整個(gè)機(jī)器造成損壞。
雖然大多數(shù)典型的啟動(dòng)都涉及一次性將電流沖入電機(jī)，但軟啟動(dòng)提供了平穩(wěn)而穩(wěn)定的線性功率斜率。這減少了電機(jī)電路的整體磨損，從而使整個(gè)機(jī)器更健康，不太可能快速損壞。根據(jù)選擇的特定軟啟動(dòng)器型號(hào)，有些能夠調(diào)整啟動(dòng)電壓和電機(jī)完全通電所需的時(shí)間。
To accomplish this, a soft starter will slowly and gradually begin applying increasing voltages to the motor. This allows for a smooth acceleration of power instead of a sudden and violent burst of power that could potentially cause damage to the motor and the machine as a whole.
Whereas most typical startups involve a rush of electrical currents all at once into the motor, the soft start offers a smooth and steady linear slope of power. This reduces the overall wear and tear on the motor’s circuits, resulting in a healthier overall machine that is less likely to break quickly. Depending on which specific soft starter model you choose, some have the capability to adjust the starting voltage and the length of time it takes until the motor is fully powered up.
軟啟動(dòng)如何工作？
How Does a Soft Start Work?
本質(zhì)上，電機(jī)軟啟動(dòng)器通過(guò)控制流經(jīng)電機(jī)電路的電壓量來(lái)工作。它通過(guò)限制電機(jī)的扭矩來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。這反過(guò)來(lái)又允許軟啟動(dòng)器降低電壓并允許其逐漸停止降低電壓以實(shí)現(xiàn)平穩(wěn)的電流變化。
除此之外，某些軟啟動(dòng)器型號(hào)可能使用固態(tài)設(shè)備。這些設(shè)備是控制允許流過(guò)電機(jī)的電流量的另一種方法。這讓軟啟動(dòng)器可以在三個(gè)獨(dú)立的不同階段控制電流，以實(shí)現(xiàn)更精確的控制水平。
Essentially, a motor soft starter works by controlling the amount of voltage running through the motors circuits. It does this by limiting torque in the motor. This in turn allows the soft starter to reduce the voltage and allows it to gradually stop reducing the voltage to allow for a smooth progression of current.
In addition to this, certain soft starter models may use solid-state devices. These devices are another means of controlling the amount of electrical current allowed to flow through the motor. This lets the soft starter control the current in three separate, distinct phases to allow for more precise levels of control.
許多電動(dòng)軟啟動(dòng)器還使用一系列可控硅整流器 (SCR) 或晶閘管，在電機(jī)開始啟動(dòng)時(shí)將電壓限制在更易于管理的范圍內(nèi)。這些 SCR 具有 ON 狀態(tài)，允許電流流動(dòng)，以及 OFF 狀態(tài)，控制和限制電流。當(dāng)啟動(dòng)機(jī)器時(shí)，這些 SCR 會(huì)激活，限制電壓，然后在機(jī)器達(dá)到滿功率時(shí)放松。這可以降低電機(jī)的熱量并減少整體壓力。
雖然電動(dòng)軟啟動(dòng)器是可能的軟啟動(dòng)解決方案的一個(gè)例子，但它們并不是唯一可用的解決方案。還有一些機(jī)械選項(xiàng)，它們較少依賴電流，而更多地依賴物理、機(jī)械解決方案。
機(jī)械軟啟動(dòng)器依靠離合器和不同的聯(lián)軸器，使用流體、鋼丸或磁力來(lái)減少電機(jī)中的扭矩。如前所述，這限制了允許通過(guò)電機(jī)的電壓，并使其更平穩(wěn)、更輕松地啟動(dòng)。
Many electrical soft starters also use a series of silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR), or thyristors, to limit the voltage to a more manageable amount for the motor as it begins to start up. These SCRs have an ON state, where they allow the current to flow, and an OFF state, where they control and limit the electrical current. When you power up your machine, these SCRs activate, restrict the voltage, and then relax as the machine reaches full power. This keeps the motor’s heat down and reduces overall strain.
While electrical soft starters are one example of a possible soft start solution, they aren’t the only solution available. There are also mechanical options that rely less on electrical current and more on physical, mechanical solutions.
Mechanical soft starters rely on clutches and different couplings that use fluids, steel shot or magnetic forces to reduce the amount of torque in the motor. As discussed earlier, this limits the voltage allowed to surge through the motor and allows it to power up more gently and easily.
電機(jī)軟啟動(dòng)器的一些常見應(yīng)用是什么？
What Are Some Common Applications of Soft Starters for Motors?
了解了軟啟動(dòng)是什么、它的工作原理和用途，下一個(gè)合乎邏輯的問(wèn)題是：什么時(shí)候需要軟啟動(dòng)？每臺(tái)電機(jī)都需要它嗎？它是否只對(duì)某些機(jī)器是必要的，還是應(yīng)該在每臺(tái)電機(jī)上安裝軟啟動(dòng)器選項(xiàng)？
第一個(gè)答案是，沒(méi)有電機(jī)絕對(duì)需要軟啟動(dòng)器。每臺(tái)電機(jī)都可以在沒(méi)有它們的情況下運(yùn)行。這意味著不應(yīng)該感到安裝它們的過(guò)度壓力。
但是，安裝軟啟動(dòng)器將使許多電機(jī)受益，并且某些電機(jī)比其他電機(jī)受益更多。這是因?yàn)槟承╇姍C(jī)在啟動(dòng)階段更容易因電流過(guò)大而發(fā)生故障和磨損。以下是通常使用軟啟動(dòng)器來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化啟動(dòng)過(guò)程的幾個(gè)地方：
Now that you have some background in what a soft start is, how it works and what it’s used for, the next logical question is this: when do I need a soft start? Do you need it for every motor? Is it only necessary for some of your machines, or should you install a soft starter option on every motor you own?
The first answer is that no motor absolutely needs a soft starter. Every motor can get along without them. This means you shouldn’t feel undue pressure to install them.
However, there are plenty of motors that will greatly benefit from having a soft starter installed and some motors will benefit more than others. This is because certain motors are more susceptible to breaking down and wearing out due to excess amounts of electrical current during their startup phase. Here are just a few of the places where soft starters are commonly used to ease the startup process:
1. 泵應(yīng)用 / Pump Applications
在各種泵應(yīng)用中，都存在電源浪涌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。通過(guò)安裝軟啟動(dòng)器并逐步向電機(jī)供電，可以大大降低這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
In various pump applications, there is a risk of power surges. By installing a soft starter and feeding the electrical current to the motor in a gradual progression, this risk is greatly reduced.
2. 傳送帶 / Conveyor Belts
對(duì)于傳送帶，突然啟動(dòng)總是有可能引起問(wèn)題。傳送帶可能會(huì)抖動(dòng)并錯(cuò)位。傳統(tǒng)的啟動(dòng)方式還會(huì)給傳送帶的驅(qū)動(dòng)部件增加不必要的壓力。通過(guò)安裝軟啟動(dòng)器，傳送帶將更緩慢地啟動(dòng)，并且傳送帶更有可能保持在正確的軌道上。
With conveyor belts, it’s always possible that a sudden start may cause problems. The belt may jerk and become misaligned. The conventional start also adds unnecessary stress to the belt’s drive components. By installing a soft starter, the belt will start up more gradually and the belt has a greater chance of staying properly on track.
3. 風(fēng)扇和類似系統(tǒng) / Fans and Similar Systems
在采用皮帶傳動(dòng)的系統(tǒng)中，潛在的問(wèn)題與傳送帶出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題類似。突然和急促的啟動(dòng)意味著傳送帶有滑出軌道的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。軟啟動(dòng)可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
In systems with belt drives, the potential problems are similar to the ones that arise with conveyor belts. The sudden and jerky start means the belt is at risk for slipping off its track. A soft startup corrects this problem.
4. 電動(dòng)直升機(jī) / Electrical Helicopters
不難看出為什么直升機(jī)突然急促啟動(dòng)可能會(huì)造成災(zāi)難性的后果。如果螺旋槳突然劇烈啟動(dòng)，并突然出現(xiàn)沖擊，則可能會(huì)很危險(xiǎn)。相反，軟啟動(dòng)可使螺旋槳平穩(wěn)啟動(dòng)。
It’s not difficult to see why it could be disastrous for a helicopter to have a sudden, jerky start. If the propellers start suddenly and violently with a sudden surge, this could be dangerous. Instead, a soft start allows the propellers to start smoothly.
使用電機(jī)軟啟動(dòng)器有什么好處？
What Is the Advantage of Using Motor Soft Starters?
為什么要使用軟啟動(dòng)器？畢竟，這意味著要投入額外的資金。這真的值得嗎？是否應(yīng)該將時(shí)間和金錢投入到電機(jī)的這一附加功能上？
雖然這取決于電機(jī)本身，但這是值得的。以下是在電機(jī)上安裝軟啟動(dòng)器時(shí)可以體驗(yàn)到的一些主要好處：
Why should you use soft starters? After all, this will mean investing extra money. Is it really worth it? Should you invest your time and money in this addition to your motor?
While it depends on the motor itself, we think that it is worth it. Here are some of the primary benefits you can expect to experience when you install a soft starter on your motor:
1. 減少能源使用 / Reduced Energy Use
減少機(jī)器所需的能量始終是理想目標(biāo)。軟啟動(dòng)器有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，這是很有意義的。在傳統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)中，電機(jī)會(huì)立即開始消耗最大能量，并在電機(jī)運(yùn)行的整個(gè)過(guò)程中持續(xù)消耗能量。
Reducing the amount of energy your machines require is always an ideal goal. It only makes sense that a soft starter would contribute to this. With a conventional start, the motor immediately begins expending the maximum amount of energy and continues to do so for the entire time the motor is running.
采用軟啟動(dòng)時(shí)，電壓會(huì)逐漸升至最大值。這意味著總體上消耗的能量更少。
With a soft start, the voltage gradually builds up to the maximum. This means that, overall, less energy is expended.
2. 降低電涌風(fēng)險(xiǎn) / Lower Risk of Power Surge
當(dāng)最大電壓立即沖入電機(jī)并使其開始運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，電路總是有可能過(guò)載，電機(jī)將經(jīng)歷電涌。軟啟動(dòng)是防止電涌的極佳保護(hù)措施。電壓不會(huì)一下子全部進(jìn)入電路，而是逐漸增加。
When the maximum voltage immediately rushes into your motor to start it running, there is always the possibility that the circuits will be overloaded and your motor will experience a power surge. A soft start is an excellent protective measure against power surges. Instead of all the power being thrown into the circuits at once, the voltage builds gradually.
3. 可調(diào)加速時(shí)間 / Adjustable Acceleration Time
并非每個(gè)軟啟動(dòng)器都配備此選項(xiàng)，但有些軟啟動(dòng)器配備此選項(xiàng)，并且它提供了顯著的優(yōu)勢(shì)。使用此選項(xiàng)，可以選擇電機(jī)啟動(dòng)所需的時(shí)間。
例如，如果知道電機(jī)或機(jī)器容易出現(xiàn)電涌或老舊磨損，可以將其設(shè)置為需要一段時(shí)間才能啟動(dòng)。另一方面，如果知道機(jī)器堅(jiān)固可靠，可能愿意讓它花更短的時(shí)間來(lái)啟動(dòng)。無(wú)論哪種方式，這種靈活性和可定制性都是一個(gè)巨大的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
Not every soft start is equipped with this option, but some are — and it provides a significant advantage. With this option, you can choose how long you want your motor to spend powering up.
If you know your motor or machine is prone to power surges or is old and worn out, for example, you might set it to take a while to power up. If, on the other hand, you know your machine is sturdy and reliable, you might be all right with letting it take a shorter time to power up. Either way, this flexibility and customizability is an enormous advantage.
4. 每小時(shí)啟動(dòng)次數(shù)的潛在增加 / Potential Increase of Possible Starts Per Hour
傳統(tǒng)方式下，電機(jī)啟動(dòng)需要大量能量。這意味著，根據(jù)機(jī)器的不同，它可能無(wú)法在特定小時(shí)內(nèi)啟動(dòng)過(guò)多的次數(shù)。
但是，使用軟啟動(dòng)，電機(jī)每次啟動(dòng)時(shí)消耗的能量會(huì)更少，這意味著它能夠更頻繁地啟動(dòng)。
It takes a lot of energy for a motor to power up conventionally. This means that, depending on the machine, it may not be able to power up an excessive number of times within a particular hour.
With a soft start, however, your motor will expend less energy each time it powers up, meaning it’s able to power up more often.
5. 降低過(guò)熱風(fēng)險(xiǎn) / Reduced Risk of Overheating
傳統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的大量電能有時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致電機(jī)過(guò)熱。這種過(guò)熱可能無(wú)害，但也可能導(dǎo)致電機(jī)暫時(shí)關(guān)閉，甚至可能對(duì)電機(jī)造成持久損壞。
毋庸置疑，軟啟動(dòng)不涉及這種初始電能沖擊。相反，電機(jī)會(huì)獲得溫和的電能沖擊，從而大大降低過(guò)熱風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
The large surge of energy associated with a conventional startup can sometimes cause a motor to overheat. This overheating can be harmless, but it can also lead to the motor shutting down temporarily and it can even cause lasting damage to the motor.
It should go without saying that a soft start does not involve this initial blast of power. Instead, a gentle surge of electricity is supplied to the motor, resulting in a greatly reduced risk of overheating.
6. 提高運(yùn)行效率 / Improved Operating Efficiency
傳統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)方式有時(shí)可以完整運(yùn)行。但有時(shí)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。電機(jī)可能會(huì)過(guò)熱。機(jī)器可能會(huì)發(fā)生故障?？赡軙?huì)出現(xiàn)電涌。
由于軟啟動(dòng)可以消除或大大降低這些問(wèn)題的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因此機(jī)器將能夠更高效地運(yùn)行，并減少出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題和損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Conventional startups can work perfectly fine sometimes. Other times, however, they can cause problems. The motor might overheat. The machine might malfunction. There might be a power surge.
Because the risk of these problems is removed or greatly reduced with a soft start, your machine will be able to operate more efficiently and with less risk of problems and damage.
7. 延長(zhǎng)使用壽命 / Extended Lifespan
機(jī)器的使用壽命是無(wú)法保證的。任何事情都可能發(fā)生，損壞也隨時(shí)可能發(fā)生。但是，通過(guò)在機(jī)器上添加軟啟動(dòng)器，可以延長(zhǎng)其使用壽命，這是非常有道理的。
這很有道理——可以降低許多可能終止機(jī)器使用壽命的事件和事故的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
It’s impossible to guarantee something like a machine’s lifespan. Anything might happen and damage might occur at any time. However, it’s a very good bet that by adding a soft starter to your machine, you’re extending its service life.
This makes good sense — you’re reducing the risk of many incidents and accidents that have the potential to end the useful life of a machine.
軟啟動(dòng)和 VFD 之間有什么區(qū)別？
What Is the Difference Between a Soft Start and a VFD?
VFD 與軟啟動(dòng)器有一些相似之處，但也存在足夠多的差異，可以將其歸為一類。VFD 的正式名稱是變頻驅(qū)動(dòng)器，是一種控制交流感應(yīng)電機(jī)速度的電機(jī)控制裝置。這意味著它可以控制電機(jī)在啟動(dòng)和停止周期以及正常運(yùn)行周期內(nèi)的運(yùn)行速度。
A VFD has some similarities to a soft starter, but there are enough differences to put it in a class of its own. Officially known as a Variable Frequency Drive , a VFD is a motor control device that controls the speed of an AC induction motor. This means it can control how fast the motor is running during both the start and stop cycles, as well as during the ordinary run cycle.
基于此，很容易看出 VFD 和軟啟動(dòng)之間的相似之處。兩者都有一種方法可以控制電機(jī)啟動(dòng)時(shí)流經(jīng)電機(jī)的電量，并且都可以幫助防止啟動(dòng)期間出現(xiàn)電涌和問(wèn)題等問(wèn)題。然而，它們實(shí)現(xiàn)此目標(biāo)的方法有所不同。
Based on this, it’s easy to see the similarities between a VFD and a soft start. Both have a way of controlling the amount of power running through a motor while it is starting up and both can help prevent things like power surges and issues during startup. They differ, however, regarding the method they employ to achieve this goal.
應(yīng)該使用軟啟動(dòng)器還是變頻器？
Should I Use a Soft Starter or a VFD?
如果主要目標(biāo)是節(jié)省能源，通常首選變頻器。這是因?yàn)樽冾l器不僅在通電階段限制電機(jī)的速度。它還可以幫助在普通運(yùn)行周期以及斷電階段控制速度。這使得它們非常適合在不需要時(shí)減少功率，從而降低整體能耗。
在需要控制機(jī)器速度和平穩(wěn)性能的情況下，變頻器也是一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的選擇。電梯和自動(dòng)扶梯等應(yīng)用符合這一描述。在這些應(yīng)用中，能夠控制這些設(shè)備的恒定速度，并防止它們出現(xiàn)任何意外的功率激增。
A VFD is usually preferred if your main goal is to save energy. This is because a VFD doesn’t just limit the speed of the motor during the power-up phase. It can also help you control the speed during the ordinary running cycle as well as during the power-down phase. This makes them ideal for reducing power when it isn’t needed, resulting in lower energy being expended overall.
VFDs are also a good choice in situations where it’s important to be able to control the speed and smooth performance of a machine. Applications like elevators and escalators fit this description. In applications like these, you will be able to control the constant speed of these pieces of equipment and prevent them from experiencing any unexpected surges in power.
軟啟動(dòng)失敗的一些常見原因是什么？
What Are Some Common Reasons for Soft Starts to Fail?
軟啟動(dòng)雖然很棒，但并非萬(wàn)無(wú)一失。與任何其他設(shè)備或機(jī)械一樣，問(wèn)題的組合可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致它們發(fā)生故障或損壞。雖然軟啟動(dòng)器在可預(yù)見的未來(lái)應(yīng)該處于良好的工作狀態(tài)，但永遠(yuǎn)不知道會(huì)發(fā)生什么。
As great as soft starts are, they aren’t infallible. Like any other piece of equipment or machinery, the right combination of problems can cause them to fail or break. While your soft starter should be in good working condition for the foreseeable future, you never know what might happen.
如果發(fā)現(xiàn)軟啟動(dòng)器出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題或故障，則可能與以下問(wèn)題之一有關(guān)：
? 過(guò)熱：如前所述，機(jī)器過(guò)熱會(huì)導(dǎo)致各種其他問(wèn)題。與采用傳統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)的機(jī)器相比，采用軟啟動(dòng)的機(jī)器過(guò)熱的可能性較小，但仍有可能過(guò)熱。
? 電壓過(guò)高：由于軟啟動(dòng)的全部目的是首先限制電流量，因此不太可能發(fā)生這種情況。但是，如果在啟動(dòng)過(guò)程中高于正常水平的電壓沖擊到電機(jī)，則可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致問(wèn)題。
? 電流過(guò)大：這個(gè)問(wèn)題與電壓過(guò)大的問(wèn)題類似。如果最初流入電機(jī)的電流過(guò)大，可能會(huì)使電路過(guò)載并導(dǎo)致故障。
If you notice a problem or malfunction in your soft starter, it might be associated one of these problems:
? Too much heat: As previously mentioned, an overheated machine can cause all kinds of other problems. A machine with a soft start is less likely to overheat than one with a conventional start, but it’s still possible.
? Too much voltage: Because the entire purpose of a soft start is to limit the amount of electrical current at first, this isn’t likely to happen. However, if a higher voltage than usual jolts into your motor during startup, it could lead to problems.
? Too much current: This is a similar problem to the problem of too much voltage. If too much current flows into your motor at first, it might overload the circuits and cause a malfunction.
雖然這可能讓人覺(jué)得軟啟動(dòng)容易出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題和故障，但事實(shí)并非如此。軟啟動(dòng)可降低電機(jī)和機(jī)械發(fā)生故障的幾率，并能很好地保護(hù)它們免受過(guò)熱和電涌等問(wèn)題的影響。它們還能大大延長(zhǎng)大多數(shù)電機(jī)的使用壽命。
不可能說(shuō)軟啟動(dòng)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)發(fā)生故障或出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，但它們通常非常可靠，并為電機(jī)提供額外的安全和保護(hù)。
While this might make it seem like soft starts are prone to problems and malfunctions, the opposite is actually true. Soft starts make your motors and machinery less prone to malfunctioning and do a wonderful job of protecting them from things like overheating and power surges. They also do a great deal to lengthen the lifespan of most motors.
It’s impossible to say that soft starts never break down or experience problems, but they are generally very reliable and provide an extra layer of security and protection for your motors
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